ÿþ<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 11"> <link rel=File-List href="Struktura%20atoma,%20nuklearne%20sile..._files/filelist.xml"> <title>Untitled Page</title> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>ik (ikr)</o:Author> <o:Template>Normal</o:Template> <o:LastAuthor>ik (ikr)</o:LastAuthor> <o:Revision>11</o:Revision> <o:TotalTime>3130</o:TotalTime> <o:Created>2007-08-04T15:55:00Z</o:Created> <o:LastSaved>2007-10-14T13:29:00Z</o:LastSaved> <o:Pages>1</o:Pages> <o:Words>432</o:Words> <o:Characters>2463</o:Characters> <o:Company>pandfedb</o:Company> <o:Lines>20</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>5</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>2890</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>11.5606</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:SpellingState>Clean</w:SpellingState> <w:GrammarState>Clean</w:GrammarState> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; 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mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"> <!-- function IMG1_onclick() { } // --> </script> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="8194"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor=white background="http://two.xthost.info/ikr/slike/pozadina.jpg" lang=SR link="#000010" vlink=blue style='tab-interval:35.4pt'> <div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><u><span style='font-size: 20.0pt;line-height:150%'>Struktura atoma<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-Atom se sastoji iz jezgra i elektronskog omota a </p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-jezgro je slo~ene grae</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-jezgro se sastoji od protona i neutrona koji su pribli~no istih masa</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-jedan proton ili neutron ima oko 1800 puta veu masu od elektrona</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-protoni i elektroni su naelektrisani istom kolicinom naelektrisanja suprotnog znaka</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-protoni su pozitivno naelektrisani, a elektroni negativno</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-koli ina naelektrisanja protona, ili elektrona je najmanja koli ina naelektrisanja u prirodi i naziva se elementarna koli ina naelektrisanja </p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-u unutraanjosti atoma deluju privla ne sile-pozitivno naelektrisano jezgro i negativno naelektrisani elektroni u omota u se meusobno privla e (tako je atom stabilan)</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-atom vodonika po strukturi najjednostavniji (1 proton u jezgru i 1 elektron u omota u, kao celina elektroneutralan)</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-u prirodi do sad znamo za atome sa brojem elektrona od 1 do 105</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-broj protona u jezgru i broj elektrona u omota u je JEDNAK, pa je svaki atom elektroneutralan.</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-u prirodi su mogui procesi u kojima se od neutralnog atoma odvaja jedan, ili vise elektrona.</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-odvojeni elektroni se nazivaju slobodni elektroni, a &quot;ostaci&quot; atoma - pozitivni joni.</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-Takoe slobodni elektroni se mogu dodati neutralnom atomu (u omota ) i tako nastaju negativni joni.</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-atom i jon koji nastaje od tog atoma imaju isto atomsko jezgro</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-pri jonizaciji se ne menja br. protona, ni neutrona u jezgru</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-br.protona u jezgru je osnovna karakteristika svakog atoma (i jona), naziva se<b> redni broj</b> i naj eae se obele~ava sa <b>Z<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-Ukupan broj protona i neutrona u jezgru (jednim imenom nukleona) se zove<b> maseni broj </b>i obele~ava<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>se sa <b>A</b>. </p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-pre nik jezgra je mnogo puta manji nego pre nik atoma</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-jezgra imaju mnogo veu masu od elektrona atomskog omota a</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-elektroni se oko jezgra kreu slicno kao planete oko Sunca - planetarni model - ideju dao Ernst Rutherford po etkom 20.veka</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><u><span style='font-size: 20.0pt;line-height:150%'>Nuklearne sile<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-izmeu protona u jezgru vladaju odbojne elektri ne sile</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-odbijanje je tolliko veliko da mo~e razoriti svako jezgro atoma<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>u prirodi, ali to se ne dogaa jer izmeu nukleona ( estica jezgra) vladaju i druge sile - <b>nuklearne sile<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-nuklearne sile su privla ne i oko 100 puta ja e od elektri nih</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-privla ne nuklearne sile deluju ne samo izmeu protona i protona, ve<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>i izmeu neutrona i neutrona<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>i protona i neutrona </p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-<b>NUKLEARNE SILE NE ZAVISE OD NAELEKTRISANJA NUKLEONA</b> </p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-ne mo~emo opaziti delovanje nuklearnih sila u svakodnevnom ~ivotu, jer one deluju, za razliku od eleki nih sila, na vrlo malim rastojanjima - od 1fm (femtometar) i manje [1fm=10<sup>-15</sup>m]</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>-one deluju samo u unutraanjosti atomskog jezgra i obezbeuju njegovu stabilnost</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right;mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='mso-tab-count: 4'>                                               </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span><span style='mso-tab-count:11'>                                                                                                                           </span><span style='mso-tab-count:4'>                                               </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:814.2pt;text-align:center; mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>...nastavie se (c)2007 </p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:814.2pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none'><a href="mailto:pandfedb@gmail.com">pandfedb@gmail.com</a> <a href="http://www.pandfedb.co.sr/">www.pandfedb.co.sr</a></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:814.2pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.pandfedb.co.nr/"><span lang=SR style='mso-ansi-language:SR'>www.pandfedb.co.nr</span></a></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=right style='margin-left:814.2pt;text-align:right; 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